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The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains the information that encodes proteins, and RNA uses this information to direct protein synthesis. It consists of codons—sequences of three nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid.
During translation, ribosomes move along an mRNA strand where they stabilize the binding of tRNA molecules and catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. Thus, different types of RNA perform specific but complementary functions during protein synthesis. However, their roles in regulating gene expression were discovered over the past few decades and continue to be extensively researched.
Both small regulatory RNAs and long non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression by altering various stages of transcription and translation. In this manner, they control the formation of different protein variants from a single gene. Long non-coding RNAs interact with and recruit enzymes that chemically modify DNA and histones — proteins that help package DNA into the nucleus — to either activate or repress transcription.
RNA-mediated regulation of gene expression is widespread in bacteria. Regulatory sequences in mRNA—called riboswitches—act as environmental sensors by detecting changes in temperature and nutrient levels. Riboswitch-based regulation depends on the formation of two mutually exclusive and stable conformations of the RNA secondary structure. The secondary structure switches between the two conformations to turn gene expression on or off in response to environmental changes.
This exposes a ribosome-binding site on the mRNA and initiates protein translation, enabling the bacteria to live and grow within the host organism. Some riboswitches detect end products of metabolic pathways and serve as feedback controls for transcription or translation.
For instance, the thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitch regulates thiamine biosynthesis in bacteria. When an adequate concentration of thiamine has been synthesized, it binds to the riboswitch and changes its conformation. This change in conformation blocks the translation initiation site and stops protein synthesis. Compounds that closely resemble thiamine in structure are being studied as potential antibacterial agents.
These drugs are intended to bind the riboswitch in the absence of thiamine and cause a conformational change that blocks the translation of proteins required for thiamine biosynthesis. Since the bacteria will be unable to produce this nutrient, it will stop growing and eventually die.
As riboswitches are more commonly found in prokaryotes than eukaryotes, riboswitch-targeting antibacterials would have minimal adverse effects on mammalian hosts.
Clancy, Suzanne. Edwards, Andrea L, and Robert T. To learn more about our GDPR policies click here. If you want more info regarding data storage, please contact gdpr jove. Your access has now expired. It ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide bonds between two aligned amino acids during protein synthesis.
It is the base pairing between the tRNA and mRNA that allows for the correct amino acid to be inserted in the polypeptide chain being synthesized. Although RNA is not used for long-term genetic information in cells, many viruses do use RNA as their genetic material. Show Answer Answer d. Show Answer Answer c. Show Answer Answer a. A virus may use RNA as its genome. A rRNA is a major component of ribosome. B mRNA is a copy of the information in a gene.
Show Answer True. Show Answer False. How do complementary base pairs contribute to intramolecular base pairing within an RNA molecule? Nissen et al. Licenses and Attributions. CC licensed content, Shared previously. Short nucleotides , stable RNA with extensive intramolecular base pairing; contains an amino acid binding site and an mRNA binding site. Serves as intermediary between DNA and protein; used by ribosome to direct synthesis of protein it encodes. Ensures the proper alignment of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome during protein synthesis; catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids.
Carries the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis in the ribosome.
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